How fees are set
- Income-assessed
- Banded on family income; Milan sets its no-fee threshold at an ISEE of €30,000
- Country-assessed
- Turin bands by country GDP; the lowest band, which includes Pakistan, pays €500 a year
- The spread
- Identical grades can mean €500 or €4,101, depending on the university
- Fixed for everyone
- €146–€156 regional tax and stamp duty